Have you heard of Vilnius in Lithuania? It is not your typical postcard capital. Often confused that it is in Latvia by the ones who skipped geography lessons. Think of it as that intriguing friend you’ve heard whispers about – supposedly has a stunning Baroque Old Town (if you’re into that sort of ancient brick thing), and they insist they were a pretty big deal way back when. So, if your travels ever take an unexpected turn eastward, and you find yourself in a place that’s definitely not the Eiffel Tower’s neighbourhood, congratulations! You’ve likely stumbled upon Vilnius, a city that exists, has buildings, and might even surprise you – assuming you can find it on a map. Also, there is not a single Starbucks, but you will find couple McDonalds. They do have good coffee at many coffee locations, such as CAFFEINE LT.
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Office of the President of the Republic of Lithuania
The Presidential Palace, located on Simonas Daukantas Square, is a Neoclassical building with Baroque elements that was once a nobleman’s house, with its origins dating back to the 14th century. Every Sunday at 12:00, a solemn flag hoisting ceremony takes place, featuring soldiers in ceremonial uniforms and medieval-style armament representing Lithuania’s historical military traditions and underscoring the continuity of the nation’s heritage. The flag of the President is flown above the building and is lowered during presidential travel, symbolising the head of state’s presence within the country.
Vilnius Cathedral
Vilnius Cathedral, officially the Cathedral Basilica of St. Stanislaus and St. Ladislaus, stands as a powerful symbol of Lithuanian history in the heart of the capital city. Its origins trace back to pagan times, with a temple possibly dedicated to Perkūnas, the god of thunder, preceding the first Christian cathedral established after Lithuania’s conversion in the late 14th century. Over the centuries, the cathedral endured fires and reconstructions, finally acquiring its prominent Neoclassical architectural style at the turn of the 19th century, largely thanks to the work of architect Laurynas Gucevičius. Its grand facade with classical columns and sculptures creates a striking presence in Cathedral Square.
Throughout its long history, Vilnius Cathedral has held immense importance for Lithuania. It served as the site for coronations of Grand Dukes, and its crypts house the remains of significant historical figures, including Grand Duke Vytautas the Great and King Alexander Jagiellon. Even during the Soviet occupation, when it was repurposed as a picture gallery, the cathedral remained a silent testament to the nation’s enduring spirit. Today, it stands as the main Catholic cathedral of Lithuania, a vital center for religious life, and a cherished landmark embodying the country’s rich cultural heritage, welcoming countless visitors and pilgrims each year.
You can visit the Cathedral free of charge and also attend the mass.
As you gaze upon the grand altar of Vilnius Cathedral, you might notice the absence of a large, central crucifix that graces many other Catholic churches. Instead, the focal point is often a powerful painting depicting the martyrdom of St. Stanislaus, the cathedral’s revered patron saint. However, don’t mistake this for a lack of the cross’s significance. The symbol of Christ’s sacrifice is deeply embedded within the cathedral’s sacred space. Look closer, and you’ll likely find a venerated dark wooden cross, adorned with a delicate ivory figure of the crucified Christ. This particular cross carries a weighty history, having endured the trials of fires and wars, and even taking a central role in religious processions. This arrangement suggests that while the main altar prioritses the narrative of St. Stanislaus, the profound importance of the cross remains a constant and cherished element within the spiritual heart of Vilnius Cathedral.
Please note that as of June 2025 the facade of Vilnius Cathedral is covered in scaffolding and undergoing renovation process. The works should finish at the end of 2025.
Vilnius Cathedral Square
Vilnius Cathedral Square is the vibrant heart of the city, steeped in Lithuanian history and identity. Situated before the grand Vilnius Cathedral, this open space, created in the 19th century, possibly overlays the ground of a pre-Christian temple. Throughout history, it has hosted royal coronations, presidential masses, military parades, and lively celebrations, including the beloved annual Christmas tree and New Year’s Eve events. Dominating the square’s landscape is the iconic Cathedral Bell Tower, a former defensive structure now offering stunning city views. Interestingly, near the base of Gediminas’ Tower, which overlooks the square, you’ll find the Metal Wolf statue. This modern sculpture commemorates the legendary dream of Grand Duke Gediminas, who is said to have dreamt of an iron wolf howling atop a hill, a vision that led to the founding of Vilnius.
The square also features the significant “Magical Stone,” marking the start of the Baltic Way, a symbol of independence. The “Magical Stone,” also known as the “Miracle Tile” (Stebuklas in Lithuanian), is a small, unassuming paver located in Vilnius Cathedral Square, near the base of the Cathedral Bell Tower and front of the Cathedral . Don’t let its size fool you – it holds significant meaning and is tied to a popular local belief.
This stone marks the southern end of the Baltic Way, a powerful and peaceful political demonstration that took place on August 23, 1989. Approximately two million people joined hands, forming a human chain over 600 kilometers long, stretching across Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. This symbolic act protested the Soviet occupation and called for independence. The “Magical Stone” commemorates this pivotal moment in the Baltic States’ history and their journey towards freedom, which was achieved in 1991.
Beyond its historical significance, the stone has also acquired a wish-granting legend. It’s said that if you stand on the tile, close your eyes, make a wish, and spin around clockwise three times, your wish might come true. This belief has made it a popular spot for both locals and tourists, who often seek out the inconspicuous stone to try their luck and connect with this special place in Vilnius’s heart. So, while you’re in Cathedral Square, keep an eye out for the “Stebuklas” tile – you might just want to give it a spin!
There is another magical stone near Tilžė, which was used for sacrificial purposes in pagan times, at the border of Lithuania and Belarus (on Belarus side) and more powerful in my experience as it made things happen that I never thought it could. Maybe it just depends on the power of your belief.
Occasionally you can meet actors dressed up as King Mindaugas or Duke Gediminas the Great and you can take a picture for a small donation (or sometimes even free).
Gediminas Castle Tower
Gediminas’ Tower stands proudly atop Castle Hill, a prominent landmark offering iconic panoramic views of Vilnius’s red rooftops and winding rivers. This remaining section of the Upper Castle, built by Grand Duke Gediminas in the early 14th century, holds immense historical significance as a symbol of the city’s founding. Legend has it that Grand Duke Gediminas, while hunting in the sacred forest, had a dream of an iron wolf howling atop a hill. Interpreted by a pagan priest as a sign of a powerful city that would spread its glory far and wide, this dream led Gediminas to establish Vilnius as the capital of Lithuania.
Climbing to the top of Gediminas’ Tower is a relatively manageable ascent, either via a winding paved path or a steeper set of wooden stairs. Once at the summit, you’re rewarded with breathtaking vistas of the Old Town, the Neris and Vilnelė rivers converging, and the surrounding green hills. The tower itself houses a small museum detailing the castle’s history and the legendary dream, connecting visitors directly to the mythical origins of Vilnius and offering a tangible link to its medieval past.
However, between 2011 and 2013, a significant decision was made (some rumours say it was lobbying to sell the wood) to cut down the majority of these trees. The primary reason cited for this action was the desire to restore the historical appearance of the hill, as it was believed that in earlier centuries, particularly during the time of the Gediminas Castle’s original construction, the hill was largely bare of dense tree cover. This move aimed to provide a clearer view of the castle and the hill’s contours, aligning with historical depictions.
Unfortunately, this deforestation proved to be a controversial decision and had unintended consequences. The removal of the trees, whose roots had helped to stabilise the soil, is believed by many to have contributed to the increased erosion and a series of landslides that plagued Gediminas Hill in the years following the felling. Currently the path to climb to the top is closed and it is accessible only the the elevator from Arsenal street.
Three Crosses Monument
Perched atop Bleak Hill, overlooking the Old Town of Vilnius, stands the striking Three Crosses Monument, a powerful symbol of Lithuanian resilience. The original wooden crosses were erected in the 17th century to commemorate Franciscan monks martyred on this very spot, according to a local legend. Over time, the wooden structures deteriorated and were eventually replaced by the current, gleaming white concrete monument in 1916.
This replacement, however, became a target during the Soviet era and was demolished, only to be rebuilt again in 1989 as Lithuania moved towards independence. Climbing to the monument involves a moderately steep but relatively short walk up a paved path and a series of steps. While it might leave you slightly breathless, the panoramic views of Vilnius Old Town, especially at sunset, are a well-deserved reward for the brief ascent from 450 to 700 stairs. I guess it depends which route you wil go as paths split.
“Most Italian” city outside of Italy
The charming description of Vilnius as the “most Italian city outside of Italy” isn’t just about a later architectural style; Italy’s influence on Vilnius dates back to its very beginnings as a capital. Even the name “Vilnius” itself appeared in Grand Duke Gediminas’ 1323 letter to Pope John XXII, seeking support for Christianizing Lithuania.
Gediminas actively invited a diverse group to his new capital, notably attracting a Roman influence quite distinct from the German or Scandinavian presence in other Baltic capitals. Early hints of Italian architectural impact can be seen in fragments of the early Gothic style within churches like the Cathedral and St. Nicholas Church, the latter, erected around 1320, standing as the oldest Gothic structure in the city and a testament to this early connection.
This Italian thread weaves throughout Vilnius’s history. Prince Casimir, the Patron Saint of Lithuania, canonised in 1521, was educated by the Italian humanist Callimachus Buonacorsi. By the late 14th century, the fusion of Italian and Northern European art birthed the International Gothic style, exemplified in Vilnius by the breathtaking St. Anne’s Church. The 16th century saw Vilnius blossom into a Renaissance capital, rivalling Florence, especially after Grand Duke Sigismund the Old married Bona Sforza of Milan. Their court became a hub of Italian culture, influencing everything from cuisine to courtly life, and Italian architects like Bartolomeo Berrecci d Pontassieve contributed to the expansion of the Royal Palace. Even the education of their son, Sigismund August, was entrusted to an Italian. This deep and early integration of Italian culture and talent laid the groundwork for the later flourishing of Baroque architecture, solidifying Vilnius’s unique “Italian” charm centuries later.
Užupio Respublica
Užupis, whose name literally translates to “beyond the river,” was historically one of Vilnius’s poorest districts, often neglected and even considered a bit run-down. However, after Lithuania regained its independence in 1991, the area began to attract artists, musicians, and free spirits who saw its dilapidated charm as a blank canvas for creativity. On April 1st, 1997 (April Fool’s Day, fittingly!), the residents playfully declared Užupis an independent republic.
While not officially recognized by any government, the Republic of Užupis operates with a lighthearted yet meaningful ethos. Its constitution, displayed on plaques in multiple languages, is a testament to its values, proclaiming rights such as “Everyone has the right to be happy” and “Everyone has the right to be unhappy.” It also includes more whimsical articles like “Everyone has the right to be lazy” and “Everyone has the right to love a cat.” Užupis has its own flag, a hand with an open palm, and even an honorary ambassador corps.
Crossing the bridges into Užupis, you’ll immediately sense its unique atmosphere. Art galleries, quirky sculptures, street art, and cozy cafes abound. The Vilnelė River itself adds to the area’s charm, with picturesque bridges often adorned with padlocks left by lovers, reminiscent of those in Paris. The spirit of Užupis is one of artistic freedom, community, and a healthy dose of playful rebellion against the conventional. It’s a place where creativity flourishes, and visitors are invited to embrace its unconventional charm and perhaps even ponder some of the thoughtful, if slightly tongue-in-cheek, articles of its constitution. It’s definitely a must-see for those looking for something a little different and a lot more bohemian in Vilnius.
St. Anne’s Church in Vilnius
St. Anne’s Church in Vilnius stands as a breathtaking example of Flamboyant Gothic architecture, its intricate red brick facade a testament to the skill of 15th-century craftsmen. Legend has it that even Napoleon Bonaparte, upon seeing its beauty during his campaign in 1812, was so captivated that he wished he could carry the church back to Paris “in the palm of his hand.” Another charming, albeit likely untrue, tale suggests that the church was originally built in wood for Anna, the wife of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great, before the current brick masterpiece was erected around 1495-1500. Adding to the mystique, two bricks in the wall bear unidentified craftsman marks, fuelling speculation about the church’s elusive architect and the hands that shaped this enduring symbol of Vilnius.
Bustling Old Town
The Bustling Old Town of Vilnius truly comes alive on several key streets. Pilies Street, the oldest and arguably the main artery, is constantly thronged with people, especially if there is some event going on. Sometimes it can compare to Oxford or Regent streets in London on a busy day. It stretches from Cathedral Square to Town Hall Square and is lined with shops, cafes, and historical buildings, making it a vibrant hub for both locals and tourists. Another busy spot is often Literatų Street, known for its unique wall adorned with artwork dedicated to Lithuanian writers. While narrower, it draws many visitors interested in its artistic and literary significance. In the evenings, streets around Vokiečių Street and the Town Hall Square become particularly lively with people enjoying the numerous restaurants and bars.
Adding to the Old Town’s vibrant atmosphere is the annual Street Music Day (Gatvės Muzikos Diena), which typically takes place on the third Saturday of May. On this day, the entire Old Town transforms into a massive open-air concert venue. Thousands of musicians of all genres and skill levels take to the streets, squares, and even unexpected corners, filling the air with music. It’s a fantastic and free event that creates an incredibly lively and festive atmosphere, drawing huge crowds and making the already bustling Old Town even more energetic and joyful. You can stumble upon rock bands, classical ensembles, folk musicians, and everything in between as you wander the historic streets.
There is also annual Pink Soup festival in Vilnius. It is not your usual festival. This festival revolves around cold pink borscht Lithuanian soup. This pink coloured festival includes games, running and of course a lot of pink borscht soup.
Another, probably the most famous festival is Kaziuko Mugė, or St. Casimir’s Fair, which is a vibrant and deeply rooted annual folk arts and crafts fair that takes over the streets of Vilnius’s Old Town in early March, typically on the weekend closest to March 4th, St. Casimir’s Day. This isn’t just a market; it’s a lively celebration marking the unofficial start of spring and a cherished tradition dating back to the early 17th century, initially linked to the commemoration of St. Casimir, the patron saint of Lithuania. For a few days, the city center transforms into a bustling spectacle of countless stalls offering an array of traditional crafts, from intricate Verbų (Palm Sunday bouquets made of dried flowers) and handmade wooden items to amber jewelry and locally woven textiles. The air is filled with the aroma of traditional Lithuanian food like šakotis (tree cake) and the sounds of folk music, creating a truly festive and authentic cultural experience that draws locals and visitors alike. It’s a fantastic opportunity to witness Lithuanian craftsmanship, sample regional delicacies, and soak in the lively atmosphere of a tradition that has been bringing the community together for centuries.
Museums
History Museums
The Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, meticulously reconstructed in the heart of the Old Town, offers an immersive journey through the powerful Lithuanian Grand Duchy. Wander through its opulent halls and chambers, brought to life with historical artifacts, intricate displays, and architectural details that showcase the lives and times of Lithuania’s rulers. From its medieval origins to its Renaissance grandeur and eventual destruction, the palace vividly narrates the nation’s political, cultural, and social evolution, providing a foundational understanding of Lithuanian identity.
The Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, often referred to as the KGB Museum, presents a stark and profoundly moving account of Lithuania’s tumultuous 20th century. Housed within the former headquarters of the Soviet KGB and the Nazi Gestapo, the museum’s exhibits, including prison cells and interrogation rooms, chillingly document the repressions, deportations, and human rights abuses endured during the Soviet and Nazi occupations. It also powerfully chronicles the courageous Lithuanian resistance movements and the long struggle for freedom and independence, offering a crucial perspective on the nation’s resilience and the high cost of liberty.
Ascend Gediminas Castle Tower, an iconic sentinel perched atop Castle Hill, for breathtaking panoramic vistas of Vilnius’s picturesque Old Town. Within the tower’s historic walls, a small museum unveils the fascinating history of Vilnius’s castles, from their defensive origins to their symbolic importance. Crucially, it recounts the legendary dream of Grand Duke Gediminas, the mythical genesis of Vilnius, connecting visitors to the very roots of the city’s foundation and offering a tangible link to its medieval past.
The National Museum of Lithuania serves as the nation’s principal repository of historical and cultural heritage. Its extensive and diverse collections span millennia, from prehistoric archaeological finds to ethnographic displays showcasing traditional Lithuanian life, and historical artifacts illustrating key periods in the country’s development. A visit here provides a comprehensive understanding of Lithuania’s rich tapestry of history, customs, and artistic expressions across the ages.
Art Museums
The MO Museum, a striking example of modern architecture itself, focuses on showcasing Lithuanian modern and contemporary art from the 1960s to the present day. Its carefully curated exhibitions often explore significant cultural and social themes, providing insights into the evolution of Lithuanian artistic expression in the latter half of the 20th century and the dynamic contemporary art scene.
The National Art Gallery offers a broad perspective on Lithuanian fine art created during the 20th and 21st centuries. Its collections encompass various artistic movements and styles, highlighting the key figures and trends that have shaped the country’s visual arts landscape in more recent times.
Housed within a beautifully preserved palace, the Vilnius Picture Gallery, a branch of the Lithuanian National Museum of Art, presents a captivating collection of Lithuanian art spanning from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Visitors can admire portraits, religious art, and landscapes that reflect the artistic tastes and cultural influences of these historical periods.
Remnants of Soviet Union
The Soviet occupation of Lithuania, which lasted for several decades in the mid-20th century, left a significant mark on Vilnius, and while overt Soviet-era statues are less prominent today, their legacy can still be observed and discussed. After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, many of the large, ideologically charged monuments depicting Soviet leaders like Lenin and other communist figures were removed from public spaces. Some of these were relocated to Grūtas Park, a privately owned sculpture garden near Druskininkai, about 130 km from Vilnius. This park offers a controversial yet unique way to reflect on this period, displaying these relics in a post-Soviet context.
As you stroll across the Green Bridge in Vilnius today, you might notice something missing: the imposing figures that once stood guard at each end. These weren’t just any statues; they were relics of the Soviet era, erected in 1952 as grand examples of Socialist Realism. Imagine large, cast-iron depictions of idealized Soviet life – farmers brimming with the harvest (“Agriculture”), determined workers (“Industry and Construction”), bright-eyed students (“Student Youth”), and vigilant soldiers (“On the Guard of Peace”). For decades, they were a prominent feature of the Vilnius cityscape, a silent testament to the Soviet occupation of Lithuania.
However, with Lithuania’s hard-won independence in 1990, these once-celebrated figures became potent symbols of a painful past for many. A debate raged: were they historical artifacts deserving of preservation, or reminders of oppression that needed to be consigned to history? The statues themselves began to show their age, succumbing to the elements and even acts of vandalism, reflecting the conflicted feelings they evoked.
Ultimately, in 2015, the city of Vilnius made the decisive move to remove the Green Bridge statues, citing safety concerns due to their deteriorating condition. This act wasn’t just about structural integrity; it was a significant step in Lithuania’s ongoing journey of redefining its national identity and coming to terms with its Soviet heritage. The now-empty pedestals serve as a stark reminder of these contested symbols, prompting reflection on a complex period in the nation’s history.
In general, Vilnius is a beautiful city to visit during spring or summer. If you do like snow and Christmas, then consider visiting during Christmas time when Vilnius is decorated with multiple Christmas trees and the streets lit up with beautiful Christmas decorations.